History of united states

History of the United States

EditWatch this pageThe flag of the United States during the American RevolutionThe flag that the United States uses nowThe history of the United States is what happened in the past in the United States, a country in North America.Native Americans have lived there for thousands of years, long beforeEuropeans went there. In 1492,Christopher Columbus went to America. In 1607, English people went toJamestown, Virginia. This was the first successful English town in North America. The American colonies weresettled mostly by England. People fromFrance, Spain, and the Netherlands also lived in America. While the colonies were growing, many Native Americans died of disease or lost their land.By 1733, there were 13 colonies. In 1775, at Lexington and Concord, a war between the colonies and England called the Revolutionary War started. This war started because the American colonists believed that they were not being treated equally to the Englishmen living in England. On July 4, 1776, people from the thirteen coloniescreated the United States Declaration of Independence created by Thomas Jefferson. This said that they were free from England. George Washingtonhelped lead the Americans during the Revolutionary War, which the Americans won.After the Revolution, the United States set about becoming a new nation withGeorge Washington becoming its first president. The leaders of the states created a constitution in 1787 and a Bill of Rights in 1791. These were based on the idea of "social contracts". In the early 1800s, the new nation faced many controversial issues, such as slavery.During the 1800s, the United States gained much more land in the West and began to become industrialized. In 1861, several states in the South left the United States to start a new country called the Confederate States of America. This caused the American Civil War. After the war and reconstruction, many people immigrated to the United States from Europe, looking for work. Some Americans became very rich in this Gilded Age and the country developed one of the largest economiesin the world.In the early 20th century, the United States became a world power, fighting in World War I and World War II. Between the wars, there was an economic boom called the Roaring Twenties when people became richer and a bust called the Great Depressionwhen most were much poorer. The Great Depression ended with World War II during Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency.After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union entered a time known as the Cold War. Most of this happened during the Dwight D. Eisenhower andJohn F. Kennedy presidencies. The Cold War included an expensive arms raceand space race. During the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency, the wars in Koreaand Vietnam cost even more money and effect on the United States. During this time, African-Americans, Chicanos, and women fought for more rights. In 1973, President Richard Nixon resigned as president due to the Watergate Scandal. In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States started to make fewer things in factories than they used to. The United States then went through the worstrecession it had since the Great Depression during the Gerald Ford andJimmy Carter administration.During the 1980s, the United States was dominated by the Reagan Era led by President Ronald Reagan. During the era, the American economy grew and American-Soviet relations got better. The Cold War ended, helping the United States out of recession by reducinginflation during the Bill Clintonpresidency. The Middle East became important in American foreign policy, especially after the September 11 attacks in 2001 during the George W. Bush administration. In 2009, Barack Obama became the first black president of the United States.

Pre-Columbian AmericaEdit

A Native American hunting buffaloSee also: History of North AmericaThe Pre-Columbian Era is the time before Christopher Columbus went to America in 1492. At that time, Native Americans lived on the land that is now the United States. They had differentcultures: Native Americans in the Eastern United States hunted game anddeer; Native Americans in the Northwestfished; Native Americans in the Southwest grew corn and built houses called pueblos; and Native Americans in the Great Plains hunted buffalo.[1][2]Around the year 1000, many people think that the Vikings visitedNewfoundland. However, they did not settle there.[3]

History in literature

History of literature

EditWatch this pageFor a more in-depth table of the history of literature, see List of years in literature.The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose orpoetry which attempts to provideentertainment, enlightenment, orinstruction to the reader/listener/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in thecommunication of these pieces. Not all writings constitute literature. Some recorded materials, such as compilations of data (e.g., a check register) are not considered literature, and this article relates only to the evolution of the works defined above.

The beginnings of literatureEdit

Main article: Early literatureSee also: Sangam literature, Sumerian literature, Ancient Egyptian literature andBabylonian literatureLiterature and writing, though connected, are not synonymous. The very first writings from ancient Sumerby any reasonable definition do not constitute literature—the same is true of some of the early Egyptian hieroglyphics or the thousands of logs from ancient Chinese regimes. Scholars have often disagreed concerning when written record-keeping became more like "literature" than anything else; the definition is largely subjective.Moreover, given the significance of distance as a cultural isolator in earlier centuries, the historical development of literature did not occur at an even pace across the world. The problems of creating a uniform global history of literature are compounded by the fact that many texts have been lost over the millennia, either deliberately, by accident, or by the total disappearance of the originating culture. Much has been written, for example, about the destruction of the Library of Alexandriain the 1st century BC, and the innumerable key texts which are believed to have been lost forever to the flames. The deliberate suppression of texts (and often their authors) by organisations of either a spiritual or a temporal nature further shrouds the subject.A stone tablet containing part of theEpic of GilgameshCertain primary texts, however, may be isolated which have a qualifying role as literature's first stirrings. Very early examples include Epic of Gilgamesh, in its Sumerian version predating 2000 BC, and the Egyptian Book of the Deadwritten down in the Papyrus of Ani in approximately 1250 BC but probably dates from about the 18th century BC. Ancient Egyptian literature was not included in early studies of the history of literature because the writings ofAncient Egypt were not translated into European languages until the 19th century when the Rosetta stone was deciphered.Many texts handed down by oral tradition over several centuries before they were fixed in written form are difficult or impossible to date. The core of the Rigveda may date to the mid 2nd millennium BC. The Pentateuch is traditionally dated to the 15th century, although modern scholarship estimates its oldest part to date to the 10th century BC at the earliest.Homer's Iliad and Odyssey date to the 8th century BC and mark the beginning of Classical Antiquity. They also stand in an oral tradition that stretches back to the late Bronze Age.Indian śruti texts post-dating the Rigveda (such as the Yajurveda, theAtharvaveda and the Brahmanas), as well as the Hebrew Tanakh and the mystical collection of poems attributed to Lao Tze, the Tao te Ching, date to theIron Age, but their dating is difficult and controversial. The great Hindu epicswere also transmitted orally, likely predating the Maurya period.Other oral traditions were fixed in writing much later, such as the Elder Edda, written down in the 12th or 13th century.There are various candidates for the first novel ever written.

The Stone Age is a broad prehistoricperiod during which stone was widely used to make implements with a sharp edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted roughly 3.4 million years, and ended between 6000 BCEand 2000 BCE with the advent ofmetalworking.[1] Stone Age artifacts include tools used by modern humans and by their predecessor species in the genus Homo, as well as the earlier partly contemporaneous generaAustralopithecus and Paranthropus.Bone tools were used during this period as well but are rarely preserved in thearchaeological record. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of stone tools in use.The Stone Age is the first of the three-age system of archaeology, which divides human technological prehistoryinto three periods:

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History of Feudalism in Europe

OriginsThe feudal system first appears in definite form in the Frankish lands in the 9th and 10th cent. A long dispute between scholars as to whether its institutional basis was Roman or Germanic remains somewhat inconclusive; it can safely be said that feudalism emerged from the condition of society arising from the disintegration of Roman institutions and the further disruption of Germanic inroads and settlements. Of course, the rise of feudalism in areas formerly dominated by Roman institutions meant the breakdown of central government; but in regions untouched by Roman customs the feudal system was a further step toward organization and centralization.The system used and altered institutions then in existence. Important in an economic sense was the Roman villa, with the peculiar form of rental, the precarium, a temporary grant of land that the grantor could revoke at any time. Increasingly, the poor landholder transferred his land to a protector and received it back as a precarium, thus giving rise to the manorial system. It was also possible for the manorial system to develop from the Germanic village, as in England.The development of fiefs was also influenced by the Roman institution of patricinium and the German institution of mundium, by which the powerful surrounded themselves with men who rendered them service, especially military service, in exchange for protection. More and more, this service-and-protection contract came to involve the granting of a beneficium, the use of land, which tended to become hereditary. Local royal officers and great landholders increased their power and forced the king to grant them rights of private justice and immunity from royal interference. By these processes feudalism became fixed in Frankish lands by the end of the 10th cent.The church also had great influence in shaping feudalism; although the organization of the church was not feudal in character, its hierarchy somewhat paralleled the feudal hierarchy. The church owned much land, held by monasteries, by church dignitaries, and by the churches themselves. Most of this land, given by nobles as a bequest or gift, carried feudal obligations; thus clerical land, like lay land, assumed a feudal aspect, and the clergy became participants in the temporal feudal system. Many bishops and abbots were much like lay seigneurs. This feudal connection between church and state gave rise to the controversy over lay investiture.SpreadFeudalism spread from France to Spain, Italy, and later Germany and Eastern Europe. In England the Frankish form was imposed by William I (William the Conqueror) after 1066, although most of the elements of feudalism were already present. It was extended eastward into Slavic lands to the marches (frontier provinces), which were continually battered by new invasions, and it was adopted partially in Scandinavian countries. The important features of feudalism were similar throughout, but there existed definite national differences. Feudalism continued in all parts of Europe until the end of the 14th cent.DeclineThe concentration of power in the hands of a few was always a great disruptive force in the feudal system. The rise of powerful monarchs in France, Spain, and England broke down the local organization. Another disruptive force was the increase of communication, which broke down the isolated manor, assisted the rise of towns, and facilitated the emergence of the burgess class. This process was greatly accelerated in the 14th cent. and did much to destroy the feudal classifications of society.The system broke down gradually. It was not completely destroyed in France until the French Revolution (1789), and it persisted in Germany until 1848 and in Russia until 1917. Many relics of feudalism still persist, and its influence remains on the institutions of Western EuropeRead more: feudalism: History of Feudalism in Europe http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/feudalism-history-fe

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